Slavery
a) Slavery began with the advent of the earliest tribes and civilizations. When one tribe defeated another, the defeated who were not killed often ended up being enslaved by the victors. As for U.S. history, slavery began with the Spanish in what is now the southwestern part of the U.S., Native Americans were essentially enslaved by the Spanish through their policy of encomienda. In the U.S. colonies, slavery was begun over 300 years ago, with the west African slave trade. It was started almost as soon after Spanish revolutionaries discovered America. However, they failed in bringing africans over the water and white revolutionaries saw this as an oppurtunity to make these darker skinned human beings work for them.
b) Slavery was prominent presumably elsewhere in Africa long before the beginnings of the transatlantic slave trade. The maritime town of Lagos, Portugal, was the first slave market created in Portugal for the sale of imported African slaves – the Mercado de Escravos, opened in 1444. In 1441, the first slaves were brought to Portugal from northern Mauritania.
c) Most slaves were black and were held by whites, although some Native Americans and free blacks also held slaves; there were a small number of white slaves as well. Europeans also held some Native Americans as slaves, and African-Native Americans. Slavery spread to the areas where there was good-quality soil for large plantations of high-value cash crops, such as tobacco, cotton, sugar, and coffee. By the early decades of the 19th century, the majority of slaveholders and slaves were in the southern United States, where most slaves were engaged in a work-gang system of agriculture on large plantations, especially devoted to cotton and sugar cane. Such large groups of slaves were thought to work more efficiently if directed by a managerial class called overseers, usually white men.
d) Yes, there are.
1. Slaves address all Free Men and Women as Master or Mistress. If their gender cannot be determined by the nick, use Master until corrected, beg mercy for your error, and then make note. All slave nicks begin with a lowercase letter. Master or Mistress nicks begin with an uppercase letter. In the Gor series, slaves are only allowed to address a Free Man by his given name with permission (i.e., Master John instead of just Master). Although it is a common practice in the medium of IRC, some men will demand that girls receive permission first. Simply beg forgiveness for your error and make a note.
2. While Free Men may not always be right, they are by definition, never wrong.Therefore slaves do not argue with Free Men (especially in an open channel). Remember, you have the last two words in any disagreement...those being, "Yes, Master."
3. Slaves have no rights, you own nothing. Even your name is not your own, it can be changed at any time (in fact, for an unowned girl it may be changed several times at a Free Man's whim, so be prepared). Any items your Owner gives you can just as easily be taken away. His will supersedes your own, and his tiniest whim is your absolute law.
4. Jealousy and possessiveness of one's Owner are not becoming in a slave. It's you who are owned, not he. While any human may FEEL these emotions, a slave girl does not act upon them. It may be how you handle these feelings when you experience them that speak for your maturity and growth in your slavery.
5. Slaves shouldn't privately message (MSG, whisper, PM) any man in channel without first seeking permission in the open channel.
6. Slaves who entice should be prepared to act upon such actions. "Slave heat" is a term girls use to describe their sex. However, in the Gor series, the author uses the term to describe the deep desire and sexual need of a slave girl, not her actual anatomical genitalia. In any event, "slave heat" should not be used unless the slave is allowed and ready to sexually please the man. If you show it, be prepared to use it. Slaves new to Gor or to a particular channel should lot use slave heat in their serves. Learn channel rules regarding its usage by observation or MSGing other slaves first.
7. Slaves should not enter into the conversations of Free Men and Women. If you wish to converse with other girls, do so in MSG's. Please, do not discuss personal, everyday issues in an open channel.
8. Slaves do not touch any form of weaponry. Also, slaves are not allowed to touch coins without express authorization from their Master. If a man tries to give you a coin, either let it fall to the furs or accept it in your mouth and carry it to the appropriate Free Man.
9. Slaves are to be pleasing at all times; there is no room for PMS or bad moods. Perfection of service and submission is the goal, mere excellence will be tolerated.
10. Slaves speak in third person speech. Therefore you shouldn't use the words "I," "me," or "mine." Instead, say "this one," "this slave," or "this girl." The exception is in speaking of a girl's particular Owner. If permitted, she may be allowed to say, "my Master." Although there are instances of slaves using the standard greeting of "Tal" in the books, most channels on IRC restrict its use to the Free.
11. It is a good idea to ask for permission to enter a channel, if you are unsure of the channel's policy. Always ask permission before leaving a channel or going away from your keyboard.
12. If you don't know how to serve, you should not try unless a man commands it. Then it is wise to tell the man that you are untrained before you begin. He will decide whether he wishes you to serve or not. If he insists upon your service, take a deep breath, MSG another slave for help with that item, and try your best to be pleasing. :)
13. Never correct another slave in the open channel, send a MSG instead. If you are unsure of something, it's always a good idea to MSG a more experienced slave for advice.
14. A slave girl is supposed to serve all Free Men and be pleasing. However, if you are told to do something that goes against a direct order from your Owner, relate to the Master your Owner's wishes regarding the matter. If he still insists, ask for help from the Channel Ops. If you receive no help from them, some girls are instructed close the window and turn off their computer. If a girl is owned, she may have explicit instructions and you should beg your Master to know about yours. If a girl is unowned, and the request does not go against any Owner's command, but you are terrified, you may MSG a Channel Op for help, but remember a slave girl's primary purpose is to serve men and be pleasing. The Ops may not take it too kindly if you are constantly running to them for protection.
15. Gor is not a fair or just place. There is both incredible beauty and savagery in the books. Out of respect for those who take the philosophies outlined in the writing of John Norman seriously, please try to be polite, pleasing and follow the rules of whatever channel you may find yourself in. When in Gor, do as the Goreans do. :) Besides, it is incredibly rude to enter a man's house, and disrespect his home.
e) The study of slvery make my understand the novel better, because that book let me realize how horrible is it to become a slave and they will not have enough food and necessities to survive.
The Civil War
a) Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, West Virginia, and Delaware
b) Abraham Lincoln
c) First, it is surprising the amount of men from both sides in his statistical sampling who fought mirrored similar thoughts. Many fought for their country and considered it an honor to be called to lay their lives down on the altar "of their country". Many on both sides also had the strength of conviction of fighting for a holy cause; others fought simply because their neighbors and friends had joined and did not wish to be seen as being cowards or soft. Still others (in the North) fought to eradicate slavery, while those down South fought in the knowledge they would be supported back home (as did those up North) and at the same time taking "vengeance" on those who "would pollute and desecrate our Southern soil". (I kid you not; if you read some of the letters from Southern soldiers of the early war period, you realize they were in earnest about their convictions.)
The cause of liberty, as defined by both sections, figured highly in the reasoning of many soldiers. Those of the North felt they were fighting to not only preserve the Union but to keep alive the spirit of the Declaration of Independence and of the Constitution. After the Emancipation Proclamation was issued on New Years' Day in 1862, many Union soldiers clearly saw an opportunity to eradicate slavery forever from the nation, thereby extending the full promise of liberty to the black man as envisioned by the framers of the Declaration but not the Constitution. It is ironic that many Southerners, while not slave holding, consented to fight to preserve or maintain what would be a slave-holding republic if successful in winning independence. (And the South claimed it was doing so in imitation of its Revolutionary War ancestors!) However, at the same time, many in the South fought "against" slavery. Not the slavery they were used to living with, but the slavery perceived as being readied to be imposed on them by the hated Yankee. The word "subjugation" was one also heavily used by Southerners in describing the result of the South returning to the Union or being defeated by the North.
Both sides in the conflict revered George Washington; it was the Southern Confederacy that placed him on its Great Seal. Washington's home of Mt. Vernon, while clearly in Confederate Virginia, was neutral ground by both sides. After all, who would want to be responsible for destroying the house of the Father of the Country and the winner of the fight for Independence from the British Empire in the War of 1775-1783?
Lastly, and perhaps more pronounced as the War dragged on, the soldiers of both sides fought for each other. Just like the recent book by World War II historian Stephen Ambrose about the members of the 509th Parachute Infantry Regiment (and later made into a mini-series for HBO), many soldiers in the Civil War truly became a band of brothers. Perhaps the fictional Chamberlain in "Killer angels" described it best when he tried to explain to the members of the Second Maine (whose enlistments had not expired and were being added to the Twentieth Maine rather forcibly) why they all fought:
"Some of us volunteered to fight for Union. Some came in mainly because we were bored at home and this looked like it might be fun. Some came because we were ashamed not to. Many of us came . . . because it was the right thing to do…. But freedom . . . is not just a word. This is free ground. All the way from here to the Pacific Ocean. No man has to bow…. Here we judge you by what you do, not by what your father was. Here you can be something. Here's a place to build a home… It's the idea that we all have value, you and me, we're worth something more than the dirt…. What we're all fighting for, in the end, is each other." (The Killer Angels, © 1974, Michael Shaara.)
The reasons why men fought in the Civil War are largely just as true today as they were then. As a Civil War living historian, I can personally say I have felt the power of those emotions: fighting for one's home, cause, beliefs and, in the end, one's pards.
d) fought from April 12, 1861 to April 9, 1865
e) The U.S. Civil War had several significant outcomes:
It abolished slavery as a legal institution in the United States. The one irreconcilable difference between the North and the South during a time when our country was expanding was the introduction of slavery into new territories. In fact, the main prelude to the bloodbath to come was in "Bleeding Kansas" during the late 1850's as people actively killed one another over the question of slavery. It took two additional amendments to the U.S. Constitution and an additional hundred years of civil rights struggle to completely erase the stain of slavery, but the Civil War and Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation began the process. The war settled once and for all an issue not addressed in our Constitution: Does an individual state have the right, through the will of its people, to dissolve its voluntary affiliation with the Federal Union? Jefferson Davis and his cohorts in the eleven states of the Confederacy thought yes and convened state conventions to dissolve their relationship to the federal government. Abraham Lincoln saw the secessionist movement as an unconstitutional attempt to nullify a presidential election. Lincoln, therefore, saw the issue as a simple matter of preserving the democratic process. No government, Lincoln said, could have in its philosophy the means to destroy itself. The issue that was left out of our Constitution, that could not be resolved by peaceful consensus,was settled by the Civil War. The North won, and the seceded states were eventually reabsorbed into the Union.
The Civil War united the country as never before. Prior to the four-year blood bath, there was no particular sense of nation and commonality among the individual states. Sectional differences and profound resentments brought on by slavery, and egalitarian issues brought on by industrialization and immigration in the North became a toxic brew that could only boil over into the struggle our Civil War became. When the North won the struggle through force of attrition and overpowering industrial strength, the South had to succumb and accept what they already knew was true: The United States was an indissoluble country and their future was with the Union. Before the Civil War, sentences began with, "The United States ARE" After the war, it became, "The United States IS"
The war resulted in accelerating invention and technology. Battles on the scale of Gettysburg, for example, required advances in weaponry, transportation and logistics. The lessons learned in troop movement, supply, and armament were carried over into an exploding industrial revolution that followed the U.S. Civil War. Just four years after the War, the country's rail system became bicoastal as the Union Pacific and Central Pacific Railroads met at Promontory Point Utah.
There were, of course, other significant outcomes of the Civil War. For example, with over one million men mobilized, and the war finished, the United States could once again assert its prerogatives in the Western Hemisphere. One striking example of this was the 1862 French occupation of Mexico and their installation of a puppet "emperor" Maximilian. It was the pressure from the United States, no longer encumbered by internal matters, that caused the withdrawal of French military support and the collapse of their bogus emperor.
There was the human element that the tragedy of war always highlights. Families who lost sons, brothers, and husbands in the carnage of the ghastly battles of the war had their lives altered forever. Young soldiers fortunate enough to survive had their outlook and perspective of their country likewise altered. At the upper echelons of the military, leaders like U.S. Grant became wildly popular and brokered that popularity into political office. A succession of five presidents following the Civil War (Grant, Hayes, Garfield, Arthur, and McKinley) were all veterans.
Finally, no discussion of the outcome of the U.S. Civil War would be complete without acknowledging the legacy of Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln, who had no precedent to follow in his quest to keep our country together, was perhaps the single most important influence on the outcome of the Civil War. It was Lincoln's desire to "let em up easy" and allow the defeated South to return to the Union peacefully and without rancor. What could have degenerated into a conflict with the defeated Confederate armies melting into the countryside to wage a protracted struggle, actually resulted in our country's reunion.
f) - (giving the answer in the future)
Jim Crow’s Laws
a) The Jim Crow laws were state and local laws in the United States enacted between 1876 and 1965. They mandated de jure racial segregation in all public facilities, with a supposedly "separate but equal" status for black Americans. In reality, this led to treatment and accommodations that were usually inferior to those provided for white Americans, systematizing a number of economic, educational and social disadvantages.
b) Some examples of Jim Crow laws are the segregation of public schools, public places and public transportation, and the segregation of restrooms, restaurants and drinking fountains for whites and blacks. The U.S. military was also segregated. These Jim Crow Laws were separate from the 1800–1866 Black Codes, which also restricted the civil rights and civil liberties of African Americans. State-sponsored school segregation was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1954 in Brown v. Board of Education. Generally, the remaining Jim Crow laws were overruled by the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.
c) The Black American community responded to white mob violence in several ways. Black people resisted this oppression. This resistance was expressed in three ways: retaliatory violence, Northward migration, and organized non-violent protest.
There are records of numerous instances of individual and collective acts of Black retaliatory violence. Although retaliatory violence seemed unreasonable, and often led to more lynching and violence, Blacks frequently armed themselves and fought back in self-defense.
Several Black leaders advocated self-defense against mob attack. Through the pages of The Crisis, W. E. B. DuBois occasionally encouraged Blacks to fight back. “If we are to die,” he angrily wrote after a Pennsylvania mob lynched a Negro in 1911 “in God’s name let us not perish like bales of hay.” Lynching, said DuBois, would stop in the South “when the cowardly mob is faced with effective guns in the hands of the people determined to sell their souls dearly,” (Oct. 1916).
A. Phillip Randolph, editor of the militant Socialist monthly, The Messenger, also advocated physical resistance to white mobs: “The black man has no rights which will be respected unless the black man enforces that respect...We are consequently urging Negroes and other oppressed groups concerned with lynching and mob violence to act upon the recognized and accepted law of self-defense.”18 The NAACP, considered moderate by Randolph, also defended the legality of Black retaliatory self-defense from mob attack.
Poet Claude McKay, in 1921, captured the sentiment of many militant Negroes in his poem, “If We Must Die”: “If we must die/let it not be like hogs: hunted and penned in an accursed spot!/...If we must die; oh let us nobly die/ dying but fighting back.”19
By the First World War, Blacks were increasingly armed and prepared to defend themselves from mob violence in many parts of the country, even in the deep South. In one case, the mayor of Memphis, Tennessee was advised, “The Negroes would not make trouble unless they were attacked, but in that event they were prepared to defend themselves.” Most of the race riots were the result of Negro retaliation to white acts of persecution and violence. However, in most cases, because of the overwhelming white numerical superiority, Negro armed resistance was futile.
Another response of disillusioned Black people to the southern reign of terror was the “Great Migration” which began shortly before World War I. In the decade between 1910 and 1920, more than five hundred thousand Blacks fled from the social and political oppression of the South to the overcrowded industrial centers of the North. The number of Blacks in Northern cities increased substantially. Despite southern efforts to halt the Black exodus, the annual rate of Black northward migration reached seventy-five thousand by the 1920s.
Organized non-violent protest, educating public opinion about the barbarity of lynching, and the passage of federal anti-lynchings legislation were seen by many Black leaders to be the most effective weapons against anti-Black mob violence. The pioneer organizer of the crusade against lynching was a Black woman named Ida B. Wells-Barnett. Mrs. Barnett, editor of the Memphis Free Speech, had more to do with originating and carrying forward the anti-lynching crusade than any other person. Almost single-handedly, she rallied anti-lynching sentiment in the United states and England. She served as chairman of the Anti-Lynching Bureau of the Afro-American Council. Mrs. Wells published several pamphlets exposing the barbarity of lynchings, including A Red Record written in 1894.
The struggle of Black leaders and organizations to make lynchings a federal crime was long and futile. At the beginning of the twentieth century, such organizations as the Afro-American Council and the Niagara Movement, precursors of the NAACP, demanded investigation of lynchings and legislation to enforce the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments. In 1900, Negro Congressman George White introduced America’s first anti-lynching bill, only to see it die in the House Judiciary Committee.
In the first year of its existence, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People launched a vigorous campaign against lynching and all forms of racism and discrimination. By 1918, The Crisis, the NAACP organ, was alerting one hundred thousand people each month to the horrors of mob violence and the demands of Black America. The NAACP’s Legal Redress Committee attacked segregation and discrimination in the courts. The NAACP’s attempts to secure federal anti-lynching legislation, such as the Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill, were unsuccessful. However, the Association’s nationwide and interracial fight against lynching eventually helped reduce the annual number of lynchings in the United States.
d) Yes; – (giving the answer in the future)
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